Scaling behavior of different shapes of hysteresis loops and recoverable energy storage density in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, K0.5Bi0.5TiO3, and Na0.25K0.25Bi0.5TiO3 ferroelectrics

In this work, the dependency of polarization (P) - electric field (E) loop area A lead free ferroelectrics Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT), K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (KBT), and Na0.25K0.25Bi0.5TiO3 (NKBT) on amplitude (E0) is studied. Based nature hysteresis with increasing E0, lnA versus lnE0 graph divided into three stages scaling exponents each stage are estimated. third stage, NBT, KBT, NKBT show different shapes P-E loops (square, slanted pinched, respectively). Although, almost similar slopes in obtained from graphs KBT NKBT, formation pinched discussed based current-time curve under a complete cycle applied field. The shape also affects recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) material. Similar to A, variation lnWrec examined. Interestingly, only noticed lnWrec− (NKBT), whereas linearly increases for square loop. Such type behavior Wrec explained reversible domain switching mechanism